학력
학사 (02.2007.) 토목환경공학과, 고려대학교
박사 (02.2013.) 지반공학 전공, 건축사회횐경공학과, 고려대학교
주요 경력
02.2013. ~ 10.2013. 연구교수, 고려대학교
11.2013. ~ 07.2014. 방문교수, University of Cambridge
08.2014. ~ 07.2016. 연구원, University of Cambridge
08.2016. ~ 06.2020. 조교수, Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University
08.2020. ~ 03.2024. 조교수, University of Liverpool
04.2024 ~ 현재 조교수, 서울과학기술대학교
연구 분야
SMART monitoring system
- Laser scanning test (Tunnel, Tunnel entrance, Retaining wall, piles, and laboratory tests)
- Wireless monitoring system (Retaining wall)
- Fibre Optic Monitoring (BOTDR, RAMAN, and FBG sensors) for geotechnical structures (tunnel,
retaining wall, pile, etc.)
- Infrared thermal monitoring to detect cracks
Big data analysis and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- Development of machine learning method (LBP-PCA-SVM) for damage detection by using image data
- Development of deep learning method (STFT-CNN and WT-CNN) for damage detection by using
acceleration data
- Prediction of ground type in TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) using dee learning analysis (LSTM)
Geotechnical test
Field pull out tests of various kinds of soil-nailing / anchor / hybrid model (Slope stability)
Resistivity test at face of tunnel
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, UK, L69 3BX
Hyungjoon Seo 2/10
Infrared thermal imaging
- Freezing ground (Antarctic surveying)
- Crack detection (rock, pile, and tunnel)
Basic laboratory test: In-situ model test / Trap door test / Chamber test
Interaction (skin friction) between ground and grouting
Simulation of pillar structure between two tunnels
Interaction between pressurized ring beam and ground
Grouting effect test (permeation, compact, and fracture grouting)
Triaxial compression test using thermo-graphic camera
Numerical simulation
Developing FE analysis programs for pile and soil-nailing
Developing optimization program of soil-nailing and retaining wall designs using Harmony Search
Programing Shear behavior between ground and grouting
Performing several numerical analyses related to tunnel excavation (NATM, TBM) and pillar structure as well
Theory
Modified cavity expansion theory
Modified skin friction theory
Three failure modes of soil-nailing
Shear behavior between soil and load transfer mechanism
주요논문 및 저서
1) Fu, R., Zhang, C.*, Kan, R., Liu, Y., Seo H. (2024) “Virtual reality–based simulation for assessing building fire safety design.” Simulation, 00375497231225980.
2) Seo, H.*, Shi, Y., Fu, L. (2024) “Automatic damage detection of pavement through DarkNet analysis of digital, infrared, and multi-spectral dynamic imaging images.”, Sensors 24 (2), 464
3) Alazmi, A., Seo, H. *(2023). “Thermal Displacement Mapping for Detecting Thermal Expansion of Heritage Building During Heatwave Using 3D Laser Scanning.”, Journal of Building Engineering, 100226.
4) Chen, J., Seo, H., Gao, C., Fang, Q., Zhang, D., Huang, H. (2023) A Comprehensive Method for Similarity Evaluation in Discrete Fracture Network Modeling of Jointed Rock Masses, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 1-15.
5) Seo, H. *, Raut, A. D., Chen, C., Zhang, C. (2023) “Multi-Label Classification and Automatic Damage Detection of Masonry Heritage Building through CNN Analysis of Infrared Thermal Imaging.” Remote sensing, 15 (10), 2517
6) Chen, C., Seo, H. * (2023) “Prediction of rock mass class ahead of TBM excavation face by ML and DL algorithms with Bayesian TPE optimization and SHAP feature analysis.” Acta Geotechnica, 1-24.
7) Yao, S., Guan, R., Huang, X., Li, Z., Sha, X., Yue, Y., Lim, E. G., Seo, H., Man, K. L., Zhu, X., Yue, Y. (2023) Radar-camera fusion for object detection and semantic segmentation in autonomous driving: A comprehensive review, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 10.1109/TIV.2023.3307157.
8) Chandra, S., AlMansoor, K., Chen, C., Shi, Y., Seo, H. * (2022) “Deep Learning Based Infrared Thermal Image Analysis of Complex Pavement Defect Conditions Considering Seasonal Effect.” Sensors, 22 (23), 9365
9) Chen, C., Chandra, S., Seo H. * (2022) “Automatic Pavement Defect Detection and Classification Using RGB-Thermal Images Based on Hierarchical Residual Attention Network.” Sensors 22 (15), 5781
10) Zhao, Y., Seo, H. *, Chen, C. (2022) “Displacement Analysis of Point Cloud Removed Ground Collapse Effect in SMW by CANUPO Machine Learning Algorithm.” Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, 10.1007/s13349-022-00555-7
11) Seo, H. *, Zhao, Y., Chen, C. (2022) “Displacement Mapping of Point Clouds for Retaining Structure Considering Shape of Sheet Pile and Soil Fall Effects During Excavation.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 148 (5), 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002800
12) Chen, C., Chandra, S., Han, Y., Seo. H. * (2022) “Deep Learning-Based Thermal Image Analysis for Pavement Defect Detection and Classification Considering Complex Pavement Conditions.” Remote Sensing 14 (1), 106.
13) Zhao, Y., Han, Y., Chen, C., Seo, H. * (2022) “Crack Detection in Frozen Soils Using Infrared Thermographic Camera.” Sensors, 22 (3), 885.
14) Chen, C., Seo, H. *, Jun, C. H., Zhao Y. (2022) “A potential crack region method to detect crack using image processing of multiple thresholding.” Signal, Image and Video Processing, 1-9.
15) Seo, H. J. *, and Zhao, Y., Chen, C. (2021). “Displacement Estimation Error in Laser Scanning Monitoring of Retaining Structures Considering Roughness.” Sensors, 21, 2713.
16) Kim, S. Y., Na, W., Jun, C . *, Seo, H., Kim, Y. (2021) “Hydrological Performance of Green Roof Systems: A Numerical Investigation.” Frontiers in Environmental Science, 627.
17) Seo, H. * (2021). “Infrared thermography for detecting cracks in pillar models with different reinforcing systems.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 116, 104118.
18) Chen, M., Jun, C. H., Seo, H. * (2021). “Investigating Event-based Temporal Patterns of Design Rainfall in a Tropical Region.” Hydrological Sciences Journal, 66 (13), 1986-1996
19) Chen, C., Seo, H. *, Zhao, Y. (2021). “A novel pavement transverse cracks detection model using WT-CNN and STFT-CNN for smartphone data analysis.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1945056
20) Zhao, Y., Seo, H. *, Chen, C. (2021) “Displacement Mapping of Point Clouds: Application of Retaining Structures Composed of Sheet Piles.” Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00491-y.
21) Seo, H. * (2021). “Tilt Mapping for Zigzag-shaped Concrete Panel in Retaining Structure using Terrestrial Laser Scanning.” Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00484-x.
22) Chen, C., Seo, H. *, Jun, C. H., and Zhao, Y. (2021). “Pavement Crack Detection and Classification Based on Fusion Feature of LBP and PCA with SVM.” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1888092.
23) Seo, H. * (2021). “3D Roughness Measurement of Failure Surface in CFA Pile Samples Using Three Dimensional Laser Scanning.” Applied Sciences, 11(6), https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062713.
24) Seo, H. * (2021), “Long-term Monitoring of Zigzag-shaped Concrete Panel in Retaining Structure using Laser Scanning and Analysis of Influencing Factors.” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106498.
25) Seo, H. * (2020), “Monitoring of CFA Pile Test using Three Dimensional Laser Scanning and Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2020.106089.
26) Seo, H., Lee, I. M., Ryu, Y. M., Jung, J. H.* (2019). “Mechanical Behavior of Hybrid Soil Nail-Anchor System.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23, 4, 4201-4211.
27) Pelecanos L.*, Soga, K., Elshafie, M. Z. E. B., Battista, N., Kechavarzi, C., Gue, C. Y., Ouyang, Y., Seo, H. (2018). “Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing of Axially Loaded Bored Piles.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 144, 3, 1-16.
28) Seo, H., Pelecanos L., Kwon Y.S., Lee, I. M.* (2017). “Net Load-displacement Estimation in Soil-nailing Pullout Tests.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical engineering, 170, 6, 534-547.
29) Seo, H., Choi, H., Park, J., Park, J., Lee, I. M.* (2017). “Crack Detection in Pillars Using Infrared Thermographic Imaging.” Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, 40, 3, 371-380.
30) Park, J., Lee, K. H., Seo, H., Ryu, J., Lee, I. M.* (2017). “Role of Induced Electrical Polarization to Identify Soft Ground Fractured Rock Conditions.” Journal of Applied Geophysics, 137, 63-72.
31) Seo, H., Choi, H., Lee, I. M.* (2016). “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Pillar Reinforcement with Pressurized Grouting and Pre-stress.” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 54, 135-144.
32) Lee, K. H., Seo, H. J., Park, J., Park, J., Lee, I. M.* (2016). “A probabilistic assessment of ground condition prediction ahead of TBM tunnels combining each geophysical prediction method.” Journal of Korean Tunnel Underground Space Association, 18(3), 257-272
33) Seo, H., Choi, H., Lee, K. H., Bae, G. J., Lee, I. M.* (2014) “Pillar-reinforcement technology beneath existing structures: Small-scale model tests.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(3), 819-826.
34) Seo, H., Lee, I. M., Lee, S. W.* (2014). “Optimization of Soil Nailing Design Considering Three Failure Modes.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(2), 488-496.
35) Seo, H. J., Lee, I. M.* (2014). “Shear Behavior between Ground and Soil-Nailing.” Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, 30(3), 5-16.
36) Seo, H., Jeong, K. H., Choi, H. S., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “Pullout Resistance Increase of Soil Nailing Induced by Pressurized Grouting.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 138(5), 604-613.
37) Park, J. J., Shin, J. C., Hwang, J. H., Lee, K. H., Seo, H. J., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “Assessment of over/under-break of tunnel utilizing BIM and 3D laser scanner.” Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, 14(4), 437-451.
38) Lee, K. H., Seo, H. J., Park, J. H., Ahn, H. Y., Kim, K. S., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “A study on correlation between electrical resistivity obtained from electrical resistivity logging and rock mass rating in-situ tunnelling site.” Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, 14(5), 503-516.
39) Seo, H. J., Park, S. W., Jeong, K. H., Choi, H. S., Lee, I. M.* (2009). “Pullout Resistance of Pressurized Soil-Nailing by Cavity Expansion Theory.” Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, 25(7), 35-46.
40) Seo, H. J., Kim, H. R., Jeong, N. S., Lee, I. M.* (2010). “Behavioral Mechanism of Hybrid Model of Soil-nailing and Compression Anchor.” Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, 26(7), 117-133.
41) Seo, H. J., Kim, H. R., Han, S. I., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “Load Transfer Mechanism of Hybrid Model of Soil-nailing and Compression Anchor.” Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, 28(1), 55-66.
42) Seo, H. J., Lee, G. H., Park, J. J., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “Optimization of Soil-Nailing Designs Considering Three Failure Modes.” Journal of Korean Geotechnical Society, 28(7), 5-16.
43) Seo, H. J., Lee, G. H., Park, J. J., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “A numerical study of pillar reinforcing effect in underground cavern underneath existing structures.” Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, 14(5), 453-467.
*: corresponding Author
학술대회
학회논문 발표
Seo, H. J., Kim, H. R., Jeong, N. S., Shin, Y. J., Lee, I. M.* (2011). “Behavior of hybrid system of soil-nailing
and compression anchor.", The 14th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering, Hong Kong, China. 23-17 May, 2011.
Seo, H. J., Han, S. I., Park, J. H., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “A Reinforcing Method for Underground Rainwater
Detention Cavern Underneath Existing Structures.", World Tunnel Congress & 38th General Assembly,
Bangkok, Thailand, 20-23 May, 2012.
Seo, H. J., Lee, I. M.* (2013). “A Study of Pillar-reinforcing Technology Underneath Existing Structures:
Laboratory Test.", International Symposium on Tunnelling and Underground Space Construction for
Sustainable Development , TU-Seoul 2013, Seoul, Korea.
Han, S. I., Jo, D. J., Lee, J. H., Jung, Y. W., Seo, H. J., Lee, I. M.* (2013). “Reinforced-pillar system in multiplaced caverns for rainwater detention.", World Tunnel Congress & 39th General Assembly, Geneva,
Switzerland.
Seo, H. J., Choi, H., Lee, I. M.* (2015). “Crack Detection in Pillar Structure Using Infrared Thermo-graphic
Imaging.", World Tunnel Congress & 41th General Assembly, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Wilcock, M. J., Seo, H. J.*, Soga, K., Elshafie, M., Patel, M. (2015). “Monitoring TBM Thrust Load
Propagation along Segmental Concrete Tunnel Lining Using Distributed Optical Fibre Strain Sensing.", World
Tunnel Congress & 41th General Assembly, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Seo, H. J., Acikgoz, S., Zhao, Y. (2017). “Monitoring of Retaining Wall at Tunnel Entrance using Three
Dimensional Laser Scanning.”, The 2017 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and
Mechanics (ASEM17), Seoul, Korea, 28 Aug.-01 Sep, 2017.
Seo, H. J., Wilcock, M.J, Soga, K., Elshafie, M., Mair, R.J. (2017). “Distributed fibre optic monitoring of the
time-dependent behaviour of tunnel segmental linings in London clay.”, The 2017 World Congress on
Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics (ASEM17), Seoul, Korea, 28 Aug.-01 Sep, 2017.
Seo, H.J., Pelecanos, L. (2017). “Load Transfer In Soil Anchors–Finite Element Analysis Of Pull-Out Tests.”
8th International Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management, 6 December, Kandy, Sri
Lanka.
Seo, H.J., Pelecanos, L. (2018). “Finite element analysis of soil-structure interaction in soil anchor pull-out
tests.”, 9th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, 25th - 27th June, Porto,
Portugal.
Chen, C., Seo, H. J., Zhao, Y., Chen, B., Kim, J. W., Choi, Y., Bang. M., (2019). “Automatic pavement crack
detection based on image recognition.”, International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction
2019 (ICSIC), Cambridge, UK, 08-10 July, 2019.
Chen, C., Seo, H. J., Zhao, Y., Chen, B., Kim, J. W., Choi, Y., Bang. M., (2019). “Pavement damage detection
system using big data analysis of multiple sensor.” International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and
Construction 2019 (ICSIC), Cambridge, UK, 08-10 July, 2019.
Seo, H. J., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., (2019). “Monitoring of retaining structures on an open excavation site with 3D
laser scanning.” International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction 2019 (ICSIC), Cambridge,
UK, 08-10 July, 2019.
국내학회 논문 발표
Seo, H. J., Han, S. I., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “A study of Pillar-reinforcing Technology Underneath Existing
Structures: Numerical Analysis.", KTA 2012 Annual Conference, Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space
Association, Seoul, Korea, 25 Apr., 2012.
Seo, H. J., Lee, I. M.* (2012). “Optimization of Soil-Nailing Designs Considering Three Failure Modes.", KGS
Spring conference 2012, Korean Geotechnical Society, Gyeonggi, Korea, 22-23 Mar., 2012.
Seo, H. J., Han, S. I., Lee, I. M.* (2011). “A Reinforcing Method of Underground Rainwater Detention Cavern
Underneath Existing Structures.", KTA 2011 Annual Conference, Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space
Association, Seoul, Korea, 28 Apr., 2011.
Seo, H. J., Kim, H. R., Jeong, N. S., Lee, I. M.* (2010). “Behavioral Mechanism of Hybrid Model of ABG:
Field Test.", KGS Spring conference 2010, Korean Geotechnical Society, Gyeonggi, Korea, 25-26 Mar., 2010.
Seo, H. J., Kim, H. R., Jeong, N. S., Lee, I. M.* (2010). “A Study on the Behavior of ABG Method.", Korean
Society of Hazard Mitigation conference 2010, Seoul, Korea, 24 Feb., 2010.
Seo, H. J., Park, S. W., Jeong, K. H., Choi, H. S., Lee, I. M.* (2009). “Pullout Resistance Increase in SoilNailing with Pressurized Grouting: Verification of Theoretical Solution.”, KGS Spring conference 2009, Korean
Geotechnical Society, Gyeonggi, Korea, 27-28 Mar., 2009.
Lee, K. H., Park, J. J., Seo, H. J., Lee, I. M.* (2010). “Study for Maintenance of International Road Tunnel in
Downtown.", Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation conference 2010, Seoul, Korea, 24 Feb., 2010.
Seo, H. J.*, Wilcock, M. J., Elshafie, M., Soga, K. (2015). “Monitoring TBM Thrust Load Propagation and
Long-term Behaviour Using Fibre Optic Sensor.”, KGS Spring conference 2015, Seoul, Korea.
저역서
“Harmony of Land and Civilization, Geotechnical Engineering." (2019), CIR, Korean Geotechnical Society.
“Sustainable Construction Materials.” (2021), Springer.
특허
Inventor, Non-destructive measurement method of pullout resistance in cable structures and device for the same,
2010 (Registration: 1009584050000)
Inventor, A Cavern Pillar Structure using Girders and Prestressed Panelsr, 2013 (Registration: 1012863060000)
연구프로젝트
연구 프로젝트 (PI)
영국내 연구 프로젝트
“Case study for HBMIM model application of heritage building.” Research England (RE) participatory research
fund, £ 34,617, 01/08/2021 – 31/07/2022
“Developing Sinkhole Prediction Model (SPM) and building data centre through the exchange of monitoring
data and deep learning analysis technology” ROYAL SOCIETY, £ 12,000, 31/03/2022 – 30/03/2024
“Satellite and UAV monitoring for assessment of landslide induced by world greening and extreme climate
change.” Participatory Research Fund, £15,000, 01/01/2023 – 31/07/2023
“HBMIM: 3D integrated Heritage Building Monitoring Information Model.” EPSRC New Investigator Awards,
£355,835 (Under review)
“Multi-Scale Remote Sensing for Detecting Landslides caused by Human Interaction and Extreme Climate
Change.” EPSRC Early career researcher international collaboration grants, £196,407 (Under review)
국내 및 기타 국가 연구 프로젝트
“Development and Application of Innovative Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring System in Infrastructure.”
Research Development Fund, Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) and Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University
“Development and Application of Innovative Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring System in Infrastructure.”
Postgraduate Research Scholarship (PGRS), Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University
“Automatic damage detection of infrastructures using deep learning analysis.” Postgraduate Research
Scholarship (PGRS), Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University
“Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)”, Ministry of
Education of Korea (No. 2013R1A6A3A03059659), ₩ 33,000,000, 01/11/2013 – 31/10/2014.
연구 프로젝트 (연구자)
영국내 연구프로젝트
“Distributed Fibre Optic Monitoring of 4m Tunnel Segments National Grid London Power Tunnels.” University
of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction (CSIC).
“Laser Scanning of Anchored Retaining Walls at Pen Y Clip tunnel.” University of Cambridge, Cambridge
Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction (CSIC).
“Fibre Optic Monitoring of Test Pile, East Village, London.” University of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for
Smart Infrastructure and Construction (CSIC).
“Fibre Optic Monitoring of Test Piles at Bank Street, London.” University of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre for
Smart Infrastructure and Construction (CSIC).
“Fibre Optic Monitoring of Test Piles at Wood Wharf, London.” University of Cambridge, Cambridge Centre
for Smart Infrastructure and Construction (CSIC).
국내 연구 프로젝트
“Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)”, Ministry of
Education of Korea, 2013-2014 (No. 2013R1A6A3A03059659).
“Development of Construction Technology of Rainwater Storage Cavern for Preventing the Inundation in
Multi-Complex Underground Spaces.” Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation Technology
Evaluation and Planning, 2010-2013 (Annual Report).
“Effect of Utilizing Pressurized Ring Beam System in Modern Rock TBM.” Daelim Industrial Co. Ltd., 2011.
“Innovation and Optimization in TBM Design, Refurbishment and Tunnel Construction.” Korea Institute of
Construction & Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning, 2010-2013 (Annual Report).
“High-tech sensor of tunnel construction.” Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation Technology
Evaluation and Planning, 2009-2012 (Annual Report).
“Technology for predicting ground condition ahead of tunnel” Samsung C&T Co., Ltd., 2012.
“Model Test of Waterproof / Drainage Types Submarine Tunnel.” Sambo Engineering Co., Ltd., 2009.
“Estimation of Face Support Pressure during Shield Tunnel Excavation” Sambo Engineering Co., Ltd., 2009.
“Development of ABG hybrid Method.” Ghari Geotechnology 22 Co. Ltd., 2009.
“Water Pressure of Submarine Drain Tunnel by Grouting.” Sambo Engineering Co., Ltd., 2009.
“Development of Compaction Roof Method.” Posco Co. Ltd., 2009.
“Effectiveness of Vibratory Cement-based Grouting Technique.” Samsoo Co., Ltd., 2009.
“Earth Pressure of Vertical Shaft Considering Arching Effect in Layered Soils.” Korea Electric Power
Corporation, 2008-2010 (Annual Report).
“Constructing Technologies of Large Scale/Section Underground Spaces.” Korea Institute of Construction &
Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning, 2004-2009 (Annual Report).
“Effect of Pressurized Grouting on Pullout Resistance of Compression Ground Anchor.” Samsung C&T Co.,
Ltd., 2009.
“Numerical Analysis of tunnel stability adjacent river.” Dasan Engineering Co., Ltd., 2008.
“Evaluation of Rock Bolt Integrity and Guided Wave Characteristics Using Time-Frequency Analysis
Techique.” Posco Co. Ltd., 2008.
“CWFS Model Analysis Using Brittle Failure Parameters from Lab. Test and Damage Index Assessment” Esco
Consultant & Engineers Co. Ltd., 2008.
“Slope Stability using Numerical analysis and SWCC” Yongma Engineering Co. Ltd., 2007.